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Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
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The 1D NMR spectrum of large and complex molecules like natural products has complicated splitting patterns and overlapping signals, which can be easily interpreted using 2-dimensional (2D) NMR. Unlike 1D NMR, 2D NMR has two frequency axes that provide the coupling information between the nucleus A and nucleus B in a molecule. The process from which 2D spectra are obtained has four steps.
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    Area of Science:

    • Optical communications
    • Signal processing
    • Information theory

    Background:

    • Existing optical access methods face limitations in capacity and efficiency.
    • Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) offers a promising approach to improve spectral efficiency.
    • Short-range optical systems require advanced techniques for higher data rates.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and demonstrate a novel short-range optical access method using four-dimensional non-orthogonal multiple access (4D-NOMA).
    • To enhance data transmission performance through innovative constellation mapping and signal processing techniques.
    • To evaluate the feasibility and superiority of 4D-NOMA compared to conventional methods.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of a color-coded four-dimensional (4D) constellation pair mapping scheme.
    • Utilization of two-dimensional inverse discrete Fresnel transform (2D-IDFnT) technology.
    • Experimental demonstration of 43.29 Gb/s 4D-NOMA transmission over a seven-core optical fiber.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved a 22.2% increase in constellation figure of merit (CFM) by extending 3D to 4D constellations.
    • Demonstrated successful 4D-NOMA transmission, verifying its feasibility and superiority.
    • Observed significant improvements in bit error rate and signal transmission sensitivity compared to lower-dimensional constellations.
    • Attained approximately 0.9 dB and 1.3 dB sensitivity gains over 3D and 2D constellations, respectively, under the HD-FEC threshold.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed 4D-NOMA scheme, combined with 4D constellation structures, offers significant advantages for short-range optical access.
    • The innovative color-coded mapping and 2D-IDFnT technology enhance system compatibility and performance.
    • 4D-NOMA presents a viable and high-potential solution for next-generation optical communication systems.