Source-specific bias correction of US background and anthropogenic ozone modeled in CMAQ

United States (US) background ozone (O₃) is the counterfactual O₃ that would exist with zero US anthropogenic emissions. Estimates of US background O₃ typically come from chemical transport models (CTMs), but different models vary in their estimates of both background and total O₃. Here, a measurement-model data fusion approach is used to estimate CTM biases in US anthropogenic O₃ and multiple US background O₃ sources, including natural emissions, long-range international emissions, short-range international emissions from Canada and Mexico, and stratospheric O₃. Spatially and temporally varying bias correction factors adjust each simulated O₃ component so that the sum of the adjusted components evaluates better against observations compared to unadjusted estimates. The estimated correction factors suggest a seasonally consistent positive bias in US anthropogenic O₃ in the eastern US, with the bias becoming higher with coarser model resolution and with higher simulated total O₃, though the bias does not increase much with higher observed O₃. Summer average US anthropogenic O₃ in the eastern US was estimated to be biased high by 2, 7, and 11 ppb (11%, 32%, and 49%) for one set of simulations at 12, 36, and 108 km resolutions and 1 and 6 ppb (10% and 37%) for another set of simulations at 12 and 108 km resolutions. Correlation among different US background O₃ components can increase the uncertainty in the estimation of the source-specific adjustment factors. Despite this, results indicate a negative bias in modeled estimates of the impact of stratospheric O₃ at the surface, with a western US spring average bias of -3.5 ppb (-25%) estimated based on a stratospheric O₃ tracer. This type of data fusion approach can be extended to include data from multiple models to leverage the strengths of different data sources while reducing uncertainty in the US background ozone estimates.