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Stroke: Introduction and Types

Stroke: Introduction and Types

A stroke is an acute neurological event caused by the sudden disruption of cerebral blood flow, leading to rapid loss of neuronal function. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief interruptions can cause irreversible injury within minutes. Strokes are classified into ischemic and hemorrhagic types.Ischemic StrokeIschemic strokes are most common and occur due to arterial occlusion, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. This leads to energy failure, ionic...

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a temporary, focal reduction in cerebral blood flow. Although symptoms resemble those of an ischemic stroke, the interruption in perfusion is short-lived and does not cause permanent infarction. TIAs are clinically important because they often serve as early warning events for future stroke.Mechanisms of Transient Cerebral IschemiaTransient cerebral ischemia may arise through several mechanisms. One...

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Updated: May 11, 2026

A Thrombotic Stroke Model Based On Transient Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia

A Thrombotic Stroke Model Based On Transient Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia

Published on: August 18, 2015

Behçet's disease: recurrent ischemic stroke as an initial presentation - a case based review.

Anwar Albasri¹, Wesam Gouda^2,3, Faisal Alsaqabi¹

¹Rheumatology Unit, Al-Sabah Hospital, Shuwaikh Industrial, Kuwait.

The Journal of International Medical Research

|January 29, 2025

Summary

Behçet

Keywords:

Behçet’s disease Ischemic stroke cerebral vasculitis neuro-Behçet’s disease stroke in young adults vasculitis

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Area of Science:

Neurology
Rheumatology
Vascular Medicine

Background:

Behçet's disease (BD) is a rare systemic vasculitis.
Neurological involvement, including ischemic stroke, is an uncommon complication of BD.
Diagnosing BD can be challenging, especially when ischemic stroke is the initial presentation.

Purpose of the Study:

To report a case of recurrent ischemic stroke as the first manifestation of Behçet's disease in a young woman.
To highlight the diagnostic challenges and emphasize the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in managing such cases.
To review the literature on stroke as the initial presentation of BD.

Main Methods:

Case report of a 37-year-old Kuwaiti woman with recurrent ischemic stroke.
Diagnostic workup included magnetic resonance imaging and angiography.
Treatment involved high-dose corticosteroids, azathioprine, and antiplatelet therapy.

Main Results:

Recurrent ischemic stroke was confirmed in a patient with no traditional risk factors.
Underlying vasculitic changes consistent with Behçet's disease were identified.
The patient's condition was effectively managed with a combination of immunosuppressants and antiplatelet agents, preventing further thrombotic events.

Conclusions:

Ischemic stroke can be the initial and sole manifestation of Behçet's disease.
A high index of suspicion and a multidisciplinary approach are crucial for early diagnosis and effective management.
Increased awareness among clinicians regarding BD as a cause of stroke in young, at-risk populations is essential.