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Embryonic tissue elongation, crucial for vertebrate development, is driven by presomitic mesoderm (PSM) expansion. This study reveals fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling controls extracellular matrix production, linking metabolism to body axis formation.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Cellular mechanics
  • Molecular signaling

Background:

  • Vertebrate body plan establishment relies on head-to-tail embryonic tissue elongation.
  • The underlying mechanical processes of this elongation, particularly involving the presomitic mesoderm (PSM), are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the autonomous elongation capacity of avian PSM explants.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms driving PSM elongation and its contribution to embryonic development.
  • To identify the molecular pathways regulating this process.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro culture of avian PSM explants under physical confinement.
  • Analysis of tissue volumetric expansion and cellular motility.
  • Investigation of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathways and hyaluronic acid (HA) production.

Main Results:

  • Avian PSM explants exhibit autonomous elongation when confined, generating a pushing force for posterior embryonic growth.
  • Tissue elongation is driven by volumetric expansion due to increased extracellular fraction and cellular motility.
  • FGF signaling stimulates glycolysis-dependent hyaluronic acid (HA) production, essential for posterior PSM expansion.

Conclusions:

  • Body axis elongation is mechanistically linked to tissue expansion.
  • Metabolic control of extracellular matrix production, downstream of FGF signaling, is a key regulator of PSM elongation.
  • This study provides novel insights into the interplay between signaling, metabolism, and mechanics in embryonic development.