Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

2.8K
In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox...
2.8K
The Electron Transport Chain01:30

The Electron Transport Chain

16.0K
The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is an exothermic process in which free energy released during electron transfer reactions is coupled to ATP synthesis. This process is a significant source of energy in aerobic cells, and therefore inhibitors of the electron transport chain can be detrimental to the cell's metabolic processes.
Inhibitors of the electron transport chain
Rotenone, a widely used pesticide, prevents electron transfer from Fe-S cluster to ubiquinone or Q...
16.0K
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Cannabinoids01:21

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Cannabinoids

200
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a phytocannabinoid that primarily interacts with the CB1 receptor, a type of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) predominantly in and around the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) and emetic center. THC also blocks the serotonin receptor activity in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) by inhibiting serotonin release. THC exerts its anti-emetic effects through these interactions, which are beneficial for patients undergoing chemotherapy.
Two synthetic agonists of THC,...
200
Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Carbon-Containing Systems01:19

Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Carbon-Containing Systems

136
Phase I biotransformation reactions are integral to drug metabolism, predominantly involving oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic transformations. Chief among these are oxidative reactions, which enhance the hydrophilicity of xenobiotics and introduce polar functional groups to facilitate their elimination from the body.
Oxidation reactions are fundamental in aromatic carbon-containing systems. An example is the hydroxylation of phenobarbital, a process that transforms it into...
136
Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

934
When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
934
Enhanced Elimination of Poison01:26

Enhanced Elimination of Poison

470
Poison can be effectively removed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract through various decontamination procedures.
Antidotes serve a crucial role in counteracting the effects of poison by inhibiting enzymes responsible for producing harmful drug metabolites. In some cases, these toxic metabolites can be neutralized by endogenous cosubstrates, which are maintained at specific concentrations to prevent interaction with cellular macromolecules and subsequent cell death.
Renal excretion is the...
470

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Surface-specific film assembly of a Vibrio cholerae adhesin-derived peptide modulated by environmental salts.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Tensile expansion microscopy applies mechanical force to super-resolve fixed and image live cellular samples.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Optically Tunable Properties of Small Organic Molecules via Photomediated Aza Nazarov Cyclizations.

The Journal of organic chemistry·2025
Same author

<i>Vibrio cholerae</i> adhesin-derived peptide mediates strong pull-off forces in aqueous high-ionic-strength environments.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Selective Nitration and Nitrosation of ArylBoronic Acid Derivatives with <i>N-</i>Nitrososulfonamides.

ACS organic & inorganic Au·2025
Same author

Evaluation of Antibodies for Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Characterization.

Stem cell and regenerative medicine (Wilmington, Del.)·2024
Same journal

AmesNet: A Task-Conditioned Deep Learning Model with Enhanced Sensitivity and Generalization in Ames Mutagenicity Prediction.

Chemical research in toxicology·2026
Same journal

DNA Structure-Dependent Enrichment of Oxidative Lesions.

Chemical research in toxicology·2026
Same journal

Characterizing the Reactive Metabolites of Colony-Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor Inhibitor PLX5622 in Liver Microsomes and Mice.

Chemical research in toxicology·2026
Same journal

Quantitation of E-Cigarette Aerosol Mass in Liquid Impinger Solution Using the <sup>13</sup>C of E-Liquids: Application for Metal Analyses.

Chemical research in toxicology·2026
Same journal

Beyond Heuristics: A Model-Agnostic Framework for Uncertainty Quantification in QSAR via Adaptive Conformal Prediction.

Chemical research in toxicology·2026
Same journal

20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid Ameliorates Nickel Nanoparticle-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition by Modulating the FFAR1/NF-kB Pathway.

Chemical research in toxicology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2025

In Silico Modeling Method for Computational Aquatic Toxicology of Endocrine Disruptors: A Software-Based Approach Using QSAR Toolbox
00:05

In Silico Modeling Method for Computational Aquatic Toxicology of Endocrine Disruptors: A Software-Based Approach Using QSAR Toolbox

Published on: August 28, 2019

13.8K

Cannabidiol Toxicity Driven by Hydroxyquinone Formation.

Metzli I Montero, Pravien S Rajaram, Jose E Zamora Alvarado

    Chemical Research in Toxicology
    |January 29, 2025
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Cannabidiol (CBD) can oxidize into cytotoxic byproducts, even in common solvents like ethanol or DMSO. A new analogue, CBD-DA, shows reduced toxicity, aiding in assessing CBD health risks and setting legal limits.

    More Related Videos

    Unveiling Xenobiotic Transport and Effects in Isolated Mitochondria: Insights from Respirometric and Enzymatic Assays
    08:03

    Unveiling Xenobiotic Transport and Effects in Isolated Mitochondria: Insights from Respirometric and Enzymatic Assays

    Published on: March 7, 2025

    512
    Formation of Covalent DNA Adducts by Enzymatically Activated Carcinogens and Drugs In Vitro and Their Determination by 32P-postlabeling
    09:33

    Formation of Covalent DNA Adducts by Enzymatically Activated Carcinogens and Drugs In Vitro and Their Determination by 32P-postlabeling

    Published on: March 20, 2018

    13.8K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: May 30, 2025

    In Silico Modeling Method for Computational Aquatic Toxicology of Endocrine Disruptors: A Software-Based Approach Using QSAR Toolbox
    00:05

    In Silico Modeling Method for Computational Aquatic Toxicology of Endocrine Disruptors: A Software-Based Approach Using QSAR Toolbox

    Published on: August 28, 2019

    13.8K
    Unveiling Xenobiotic Transport and Effects in Isolated Mitochondria: Insights from Respirometric and Enzymatic Assays
    08:03

    Unveiling Xenobiotic Transport and Effects in Isolated Mitochondria: Insights from Respirometric and Enzymatic Assays

    Published on: March 7, 2025

    512
    Formation of Covalent DNA Adducts by Enzymatically Activated Carcinogens and Drugs In Vitro and Their Determination by 32P-postlabeling
    09:33

    Formation of Covalent DNA Adducts by Enzymatically Activated Carcinogens and Drugs In Vitro and Their Determination by 32P-postlabeling

    Published on: March 20, 2018

    13.8K

    Area of Science:

    • Biochemistry
    • Toxicology
    • Pharmacology

    Background:

    • Oxidative byproducts of cannabidiol (CBD) are recognized for their cytotoxic effects.
    • Limited data exists on CBD's oxidation susceptibility and resultant toxicity in common solvents like ethanol (EtOH) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).
    • Varied concentrations in CBD products complicate the assessment of general health risks linked to CBD cytotoxicity.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the oxidation and cytotoxicity of CBD and its analogues in EtOH and DMSO at varying concentrations.
    • To evaluate the stability and toxicity profile of a novel CBD analogue, cannabidiol-diacetate (CBD-DA).

    Main Methods:

    • Human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to CBD and analogues in EtOH or DMSO.
    • Concentration-dependent effects of CBD oxidation and cytotoxicity were analyzed.
    • Comparative stability and toxicity assessments were performed for CBD, CBD-Q, and CBD-DA.

    Main Results:

    • Significant oxidation of CBD to cannabidiol-quinone (CBD-Q) and subsequent cytotoxicity were observed at 10 μM, irrespective of the solvent vehicle.
    • CBD-DA demonstrated enhanced stability and markedly reduced toxicity compared to CBD and CBD-Q.
    • The study identified a critical concentration threshold for CBD-induced cytotoxicity.

    Conclusions:

    • CBD's susceptibility to oxidation and subsequent cytotoxicity is concentration-dependent and occurs at 10 μM in both EtOH and DMSO.
    • CBD-DA presents a potentially safer alternative with improved stability and lower toxicity.
    • Findings are crucial for evaluating health risks associated with complex cannabinoid mixtures and informing regulatory standards.