The Pathophysiology of Tics: An Anatomic Review
Harvey S Singer1, Justin Pellicciotti1
1Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
The Psychiatric Clinics of North America
|January 29, 2025
Summary
The exact brain regions causing tics in Tourette syndrome are unclear. Current evidence suggests abnormalities in cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical (CBGTC) circuits may cause tic disorders.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Neurology
- Psychiatry
Background:
- The pathophysiology of tics in Tourette syndrome remains incompletely understood.
- There is no scientific consensus on the precise anatomical locations responsible for tic generation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review current understanding of brain circuits implicated in Tourette syndrome.
- To examine data supporting specific anatomical regions involved in tic disorders.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of neuroimaging and neuropathological studies.
- Analysis of current hypotheses on cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical (CBGTC) circuitry.
Main Results:
- Evidence suggests abnormalities in multiple areas within CBGTC circuitry.
- Connected brain regions may also contribute to tic development.
Conclusions:
- A disruption anywhere within specific CBGTC circuitry is a plausible cause of tic disorders.
- Further research is needed to pinpoint the exact neuroanatomical underpinnings of tics.
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