Signatures of longitudinal spin pumping in a magnetic phase transition

A particle current generated by pumping in the absence of gradients in potential energy, density or temperature¹ is associated with non-trivial dynamics. A representative example is charge pumping that is associated with the quantum Hall effect² and the quantum anomalous Hall effect³. Spin pumping, the spin equivalent of charge pumping, refers to the emission of a spin current by magnetization dynamics^4-7. Previous studies have focused solely on transversal spin pumping arising from classical dynamics, which corresponds to precessing atomic moments with constant magnitude. However, longitudinal spin pumping arising from quantum fluctuations, which correspond to a temporal change in the atomic moment's magnitude, remains unexplored. Here we experimentally investigate longitudinal spin pumping using iron-rhodium (FeRh), which undergoes a first-order antiferromagnet-to-ferromagnet phase transition during which the atomic moment's magnitude varies over time. By injecting a charge current into a FeRh/platinum bilayer, we induce a rapid phase transition of FeRh in nanoseconds, leading to the emission of a spin current to the platinum layer. The observed inverse spin Hall signal is about one order of magnitude larger than expected for transversal spin pumping, suggesting the presence of longitudinal spin pumping driven by quantum fluctuations and indicating its superiority over classical transversal spin pumping. Our result highlights the significance of quantum fluctuations in spin pumping and holds broad applicability in diverse angular momentum dynamics, such as laser-induced ultrafast demagnetization⁸, orbital pumping^9,10 and quantum spin transfer^11-13.