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Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
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Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift01:09

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In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs01:05

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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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SARS-CoV-2 evolution on a dynamic immune landscape.

N Alexia Raharinirina1, Nils Gubela1,2, Daniela Börnigen3

  • 1Department of Mathematics & Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.

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|January 29, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The SARS-CoV-2 virus evolves to evade antibodies, driven by population immunity shaped by infection history. Our model accurately predicts variant spread and fitness, aiding risk assessment and vaccine design.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with mutated spike proteins poses challenges to neutralizing antibodies.
  • Viral evolution is hypothesized to be driven by the need to evade existing population immunity from vaccines or prior infections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a mechanistic model predicting variant-specific susceptible populations over time.
  • To understand how viral evolution navigates a dynamic immune landscape shaped by local infection history.

Main Methods:

  • Integrated deep mutational scanning data, antibody pharmacokinetics, and regional genomic surveillance.
  • Developed a comprehensive mechanistic model to forecast variant dynamics.

Main Results:

  • The model accurately matched historical variant dynamics globally.
  • The model successfully predicted future variant spread and explained international variations in variant prevalence.
  • Demonstrated that population immunity significantly shapes variant fitness and transmission.

Conclusions:

  • Ongoing pandemic dynamics continuously alter population immunity, influencing SARS-CoV-2 variant transmission and fitness.
  • The developed model offers a tool for regional risk assessment of variants and informs vaccine design strategies.