Niche-derived Semaphorin 4A safeguards functional identity of myeloid-biased hematopoietic stem cells

Somatic stem cell pools comprise diverse, highly specialized subsets whose individual contribution is critical for the overall regenerative function. In the bone marrow, myeloid-biased hematopoietic stem cells (myHSCs) are indispensable for replenishment of myeloid cells and platelets during inflammatory response but, at the same time, become irreversibly damaged during inflammation and aging. Here we identify an extrinsic factor, Semaphorin 4A (Sema4A), which non-cell-autonomously confers myHSC resilience to inflammatory stress. We show that, in the absence of Sema4A, myHSC inflammatory hyper-responsiveness in young mice drives excessive myHSC expansion, myeloid bias and profound loss of regenerative function with age. Mechanistically, Sema4A is mainly produced by neutrophils, signals via a cell surface receptor, Plexin D1, and safeguards the myHSC epigenetic state. Our study shows that, by selectively protecting a distinct stem cell subset, an extrinsic factor preserves functional diversity of somatic stem cell pool throughout organismal lifespan.