Application of bio-electrochemical systems for phosphorus resource recovery: Progress and prospects

This review focuses on applying bio-electrochemical systems (BES) for phosphorus (P) recovery. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) degrade pollutants to generate electricity and recover P, with the structure and electrode materials playing a significant role in P recovery efficiency. Microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) recover P while simultaneously producing hydrogen or methane, with factors such as voltage and pH influencing performance. Microbial desalination cells (MDCs) recover P through ion separation, although they face challenges such as membrane fouling. Novel BES technologies are emerging as promising solutions for water ecological remediation, particularly in removing P. P recovery products, including hydroxyapatite (HAP), struvite (MAP), and Vivianite. Factors such as pH, ion concentration, electrode materials, and temperature all influence P recovery. BES offers the advantages of high efficiency and environmental sustainability. Future research should focus on optimizing system structures and minimizing by-product deposition to further promote P resource recycling.