Revealing miRNAs' Janus-Faced Nature: Transforming Cold Tumours into Immunotherapy Hotspots and Overcoming...

In cancer research, tumour complexity and treatment resistance have become more prevalent. Especially microRNA (miRNA) modulation has recently come into light as a promising strategy in cancer immunotherapy, particularly in converting "cold" tumours with limited immune cell infiltration into "hot" tumours responsive to immunotherapy. Tumour microenvironments are influenced by miRNAs, while specific miRNAs are targeted in cold tumours to enhance the immune response, potentially improving therapeutic efficacy. A miRNA profiling approach may enable earlier cancer detection and personalized treatments, emphasizing its importance for oncology in the future. This review sheds light on miRNA's role in cold and hot tumour microenvironments, that how they can modulate depending on the tumour niche. Furthermore, therapeutic resistance might develop over time and aid to decrease the efficacy of miRNA regulation. To address the hurdles of finding relevant miRNAs to target, researchers may use high-throughput sequencing methods to characterise miRNA expression across tumour subtypes. They may also use bioinformatics tools and databases to analyse massive amounts of miRNA-related data and find prospective candidate miRNAs.