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Related Concept Videos

pH Scale02:41

pH Scale

68.2K
Hydronium and hydroxide ions are present both in pure water and in all aqueous solutions, and their concentrations are inversely proportional as determined by the ion product of water (Kw). The concentrations of these ions in a solution are often critical determinants of the solution’s properties and the chemical behaviors of its other solutes. Two different solutions can differ in their hydronium or hydroxide ion concentrations by a million, billion, or even trillion times. A common means of...
68.2K
Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base03:55

Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base

43.8K
Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Weak Acid/Strong Base
For the titration of 25.00 mL of 0.100 M CH3CO2H with 0.100 M NaOH, the reaction can be represented as:
43.8K
Polyprotic Acids03:38

Polyprotic Acids

28.9K
Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:
28.9K
Mixtures of Acids03:27

Mixtures of Acids

19.5K
The pH of a solution containing an acid can be determined using its acid dissociation constant and its initial concentration. If a solution contains two different acids, then its pH can be determined using one of several methods depending upon the relative strength of the acids and their dissociation constants.
A Mixture of a Strong Acid and a Weak Acid
In a mixture of a strong acid and a weak acid, the strong acid dissociates completely and becomes a source of almost all the hydronium ions...
19.5K
Weak Base Solutions03:21

Weak Base Solutions

22.4K
Some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially and so are classified as weak bases. These types of compounds are also abundant in nature and important commodities in various technologies. For example, global production of the weak base ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons annually, being widely used as an agricultural fertilizer, a raw material for chemical synthesis of other...
22.4K
Titration of a Weak Base with a Strong Acid01:20

Titration of a Weak Base with a Strong Acid

4.5K
The titration curve of a weak base like ammonia with a strong acid like hydrochloric acid is the mirror image of the titration curve of a weak acid with a strong base.
Using the ICE table and substituting the Kb value, we calculate the initial pH of 50 mL of 0.1 M ammonia to be 11.11. Addition of 25 mL of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid to this solution of ammonia results in a buffer with an equal concentration of ammonia and ammonium ions. The pH of this buffer can be calculated by substituting these...
4.5K

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High-pressure Sapphire Cell for Phase Equilibria Measurements of CO2/Organic/Water Systems
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High-pressure Sapphire Cell for Phase Equilibria Measurements of CO2/Organic/Water Systems

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Experimental unified pH scale in 1,2-dichloroethane.

John Paulo Samin1, Agnes Heering1, Jaan Saame1

  • 1Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu (UT), Ravila Street 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia. john.paulo.aquino.samin@ut.ee.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP
|January 31, 2025
PubMed
Summary

A new unified pH scale was developed for 1,2-dichloroethane, a low-polarity solvent. This breakthrough enables potentiometric pH measurements in various organic solvents, expanding the unified pH scale globally.

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Optical Quantification of Intracellular pH in Drosophila melanogaster Malpighian Tubule Epithelia with a Fluorescent Genetically-encoded pH Indicator
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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Accurate pH measurement is crucial for chemical analysis and understanding reaction mechanisms.
  • Existing pH scales are primarily established in aqueous solutions, limiting measurements in non-aqueous solvents.
  • Developing a unified pH scale in organic solvents is essential for broader chemical research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish an experimental potentiometric unified pH (pHabs) scale in 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCE).
  • To enable direct comparison of pH values across different solvents, including low-polarity organic media.
  • To demonstrate the feasibility of potentiometric measurements in solvents like 1,2-DCE.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized differential potentiometric measurements with pair-wise comparisons.
  • Employed aqueous standard buffer solutions as anchor points for traceability.
  • Applied the 'ladder' approach for data analysis and scale construction.

Main Results:

  • Successfully established a pHabs scale in 1,2-DCE spanning -2.9 to 11.0.
  • Achieved a consistency standard deviation of 0.17 pH units for 85 measurements.
  • Demonstrated the first successful potentiometric measurements in a low-polarity solvent like 1,2-DCE.

Conclusions:

  • Potentiometric pH measurements are feasible in low-polarity organic solvents.
  • The development of a unified pH scale in 1,2-DCE expands the applicability of pH measurements.
  • This work paves the way for experimentally connecting numerous organic solvents into a single, unified pH scale.