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Related Concept Videos

Symbiosis00:58

Symbiosis

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Symbiotic relationships are long-term, close interactions between individuals of different species that affect the distribution and abundance of those species. When a relationship is beneficial to both species, this is called mutualism. When the relationship is beneficial to one species but neither beneficial nor harmful to the other species, this is called commensalism. When one organism is harmed to benefit another, the relationship is known as parasitism. These types of relationships often...
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Overview
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In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
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Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Predator-Prey Interactions02:39

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Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.
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Intracellular bacteria and viruses often comprise a group of highly infectious pathogens that can cause several diseases. Bacterial pathogens include those belonging to the genus Rickettsia responsible for conditions such as rocky mountain spotted fever and the Mediterranean spotted fever; Chlamydia, a genus responsible for a sexually transmitted disease; Coxiella burnetii, an agent responsible for Q fever. Viral pathogens include vaccinia—a poxvirus, and herpes simplex virus—a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2025

Identification of Metabolically Active Bacteria in the Gut of the Generalist Spodoptera littoralis via DNA Stable Isotope Probing Using 13C-Glucose
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Dynamic reciprocal morphological changes in insect hosts and bacterial symbionts.

Anthony D Junker1, Jason Z Chen1, James G DuBose1

  • 1Biology Department, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 303220, USA.

The Journal of Experimental Biology
|January 31, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals how squash bugs and their gut bacteria, Caballeronia zhejiangensis, dynamically interact and change together during the initiation of symbiosis. It details bacterial movement and colonization within specialized host organs.

Keywords:
Cell morphologyCell motilityDevelopmentEcology and evolutionInsect–microbe interactionsSymbioses

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Insect Biology
  • Symbiosis Research

Background:

  • Symbiotic interactions between animals and gut bacteria are crucial for physiological integration.
  • Studying microbial symbionts is challenging due to host microbial diversity.
  • Heteropteran insects offer a model system to study host-symbiont co-evolution due to specialized gut structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the concurrent structural and cellular dynamics during the initiation of symbiosis between the squash bug (Anasa tristis) and its symbiont (Caballeronia zhejiangensis).
  • To elucidate the mechanisms of symbiont sequestration, motility, colonization, and host crypt development during symbiosis establishment.

Main Methods:

  • Ex vivo and in vivo observations of cellular behaviors.
  • Analysis of concurrent structural and cellular dynamics in both host and symbiont.
  • Microscopy techniques to visualize host-symbiont interactions.

Main Results:

  • Caballeronia zhejiangensis is sequestered within a specialized symbiotic organ in the Anasa tristis midgut.
  • Symbionts utilize active motility to reach the symbiotic organ and colonize host crypts.
  • Host crypt morphogenesis progresses in conjunction with symbiont colonization during symbiosis initiation.

Conclusions:

  • Symbiosis initiation involves reciprocal dynamic cellular and morphological changes in both host and symbiont.
  • The specialized midgut of A. tristis facilitates focused study of insect-bacterial symbiosis.
  • Findings provide insight into the fundamental processes of establishing cooperative symbiotic relationships.