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Choice and No-Choice Bioassays to Study the Pupation Preference and Emergence Success of Ectropis grisescens

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Navigating Nature's Terrain: Jumping Performance Robust to Substrate Moisture and Roughness by Blackspotted

Daniel T Bartlett^1,2, Kaylin O Raffle¹, Hayley N Pettit¹

¹Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA.

Journal of Experimental Zoology. Part A, Ecological and Integrative Physiology

|January 31, 2025

Summary

Amphibious fish jumping performance is robust to substrate variations. Blackspotted rockskippers jump with greater force and power on dry surfaces, demonstrating adaptability in terrestrial escape responses.

Keywords:

amphibious environment fish force kinetics terrestrial

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Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Animal behavior
Evolutionary biology

Background:

Escape responses are crucial for prey survival, necessitating high speeds and accelerations.
Terrestrial environments present variable conditions that can constrain force application during locomotion.
Amphibious animals must adapt their motor control to different substrates for effective escape.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the influence of substrate wetness and roughness on the terrestrial jumping performance of the blackspotted rockskipper (Entomacrodus striatus).
To determine if rockskippers adjust their force output in response to varying substrate properties.
To assess if jumping performance is robust to environmental variations.

Main Methods:

Utilized a novel waterproof force plate to measure ground reaction forces during fish jumps.
Quantified muscle mass relative to body mass using micro-CT scans to assess power amplification potential.
Analyzed jumping performance metrics including maximum horizontal forces, jump duration, takeoff speed, and angle across different substrate conditions.

Main Results:

Jumping on dry substrates resulted in significantly higher maximum horizontal forces, jump duration, and maximum power compared to wet substrates.
Substrate roughness did not significantly affect jumping performance.
Takeoff speed and angle remained unaffected by substrate wetness or roughness, indicating robust jump outcomes.

Conclusions:

Blackspotted rockskippers exhibit a terrestrial jumping behavior that is resilient to variations in substrate wetness and roughness.
The observed jumping performance is achievable within the power output capabilities of typical fish muscle, without reliance on significant power amplification.
These findings highlight the adaptability of amphibious fish locomotion in complex terrestrial environments.