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Does expecting external memory support cost recognition memory?

Megan O Kelly1, Batul Karimjee2, April E Pereira2

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada. megan.kelly@princeton.edu.

Memory & Cognition
|January 31, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Relying on external memory aids like phones can slightly impair unaided recognition memory, especially recollection. This effect is partly due to reduced study time when expecting support.

Keywords:
MemoryOffloadingRecognitionRecollectionStudy effort

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Human-Computer Interaction
  • Memory Studies

Background:

  • Individuals frequently offload cognitive tasks, particularly memory, to external tools like digital devices and notebooks.
  • Prior research indicates a performance cost to unaided memory upon unexpected loss of external memory support, primarily studied in free-recall tasks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of expecting external memory support on recognition memory performance.
  • To explore potential differences in these effects between recall and recognition memory paradigms.

Main Methods:

  • Five preregistered experiments were conducted to examine the influence of expecting external memory aids on recognition memory.
  • Memory performance, specifically recognition and recollection, was assessed under conditions with and without expected external support.
  • Study effort, including study time, was measured to understand its mediating role in the relationship between external support expectation and memory outcomes.

Main Results:

  • A small but significant cost to unaided recognition memory was observed when external memory support was expected.
  • This cost was specifically evident in recollection (Experiments 2, 3a, 3b), suggesting a targeted impact on memory retrieval processes.
  • Reduced study time partially mediated the observed relationship between expecting support and memory performance, aligning with findings from free-recall studies.

Conclusions:

  • Expecting to use external memory aids incurs a cost on unaided recognition memory, particularly recollection, and is linked to reduced study engagement.
  • Individuals tend to underestimate the memory costs associated with relying on and subsequently losing expected external memory support in recognition tasks.
  • Findings highlight the complex interplay between external memory tools, cognitive offloading, and the integrity of unaided memory functions.