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Related Concept Videos

Tonicity in Animals00:59

Tonicity in Animals

The tonicity of a solution determines if a cell gains or loses water in that solution. The tonicity depends on the permeability of the cell membrane for different solutes and the concentration of nonpenetrating solutes in the solution within and outside of the cell. If a semipermeable membrane hinders the passage of some solutes but allows water to follow its concentration gradient, water moves from the side with low osmolarity (i.e., less solute) to the side with higher osmolarity (i.e.,...
Comparative Excretory Systems02:24

Comparative Excretory Systems

Animals have evolved different strategies for excretion, the removal of waste from the body. Most waste must be dissolved in water to be excreted, so an animal’s excretory strategy directly affects its water balance.
Tonicity in Animals01:16

Tonicity in Animals

Tonicity describes the amount of solute in a solution. The measure of the tonicity of a solution, or the total amount of solutes dissolved in a specific amount of solution, is called its osmolarity. Three terms—hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic—are used to relate the osmolarity of a cell to the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid that contains the cells. In a hypotonic solution, such as tap water, the extracellular fluid has a lower concentration of solutes than the fluid inside the cell,...
Two-Compartment Open Model: IV Infusion01:15

Two-Compartment Open Model: IV Infusion

A two-compartment model is a vital tool in pharmacokinetics, providing an essential understanding of drug behavior, especially for those administered via zero-order intravenous infusion. This model outlines two compartments: the central compartment, where elimination occurs, and the peripheral compartment.
The model illustrates the decrease in plasma drug concentration from the central compartment with a specific equation. It shows that under steady-state conditions, the drug's input rate...
Two-Compartment Open Model: Extravascular Administration01:12

Two-Compartment Open Model: Extravascular Administration

The two-compartment model for extravascular administration represents a drug's absorption and distribution process. It features a central compartment, where the drug is first absorbed, and a peripheral compartment, which illustrates the drug's distribution throughout the body. The rate of change in drug concentration in the central compartment is calculated by three exponents: absorption, distribution, and elimination.
The absorption exponent (ka) indicates the speed at which the drug is...
Intrauterine Drug Delivery Systems01:21

Intrauterine Drug Delivery Systems

Controlled-release systems for intravaginal and intrauterine drug delivery have been developed primarily for the administration of contraceptive steroid hormones. These delivery routes circumvent first-pass hepatic metabolism, thereby enhancing bioavailability and allowing for reduced systemic dosages compared to oral administration. Such approaches contribute to improved therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance, particularly in long-term contraceptive regimens.Intravaginal Drug Delivery...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

The Use of an Automated System (GreenFeed) to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals
11:02

The Use of an Automated System (GreenFeed) to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Published on: September 7, 2015

Two housing systems for calves.

L J Fisher, G B Peterson, S E Jones

    Journal of Dairy Science
    |February 1, 1985
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Calf housing systems significantly impact postweaning growth and feed efficiency. Wider pens with solid floors (B system) promoted better gains than narrower pens with grated floors (A system).

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    Published on: May 11, 2018

    Noninvasive, In-pen Approach Test for Laboratory-housed Pigs
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    Published on: June 5, 2019

    Area of Science:

    • Animal Science
    • Dairy Cattle Management
    • Livestock Housing

    Background:

    • Optimizing calf rearing is crucial for dairy farm profitability.
    • Housing systems and milk feeding strategies are key management factors influencing calf performance.
    • Understanding the impact of different housing environments on calf health and growth is essential.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To compare the effects of two distinct housing management systems and two milk feeding levels on Holstein calves.
    • To evaluate the influence of pen width, floor type, and bedding on calf growth and feed conversion.
    • To assess physiological responses, such as eosinophil counts, related to housing conditions.

    Main Methods:

    • A 2x2 factorial design experiment involving 36 male Holstein calves.
    • Two housing systems: System A (narrow, 0.66m, grated floor) and System B (wide, 1.36m, solid floor with straw).
    • Two milk feeding levels: 8% and 12% of body weight, with nine calves per treatment group.

    Main Results:

    • Higher milk intake (12% BW) improved preweaning weight gain (0.64 kg/day) compared to lower intake (8% BW, 0.50 kg/day).
    • Postweaning, System B housing resulted in significantly better weight gain (0.90 kg/day) and feed conversion (1.77 kg DMI/kg gain) than System A (0.74 kg/day; 2.00 kg DMI/kg gain).
    • Calves in System A exhibited higher eosinophil counts during weeks 5 and 7, indicating potential stress differences.

    Conclusions:

    • Milk feeding level is critical for preweaning calf growth.
    • Postweaning performance and feed efficiency are strongly influenced by housing system characteristics, with wider, solid-floored pens being superior.
    • Housing management, specifically pen dimensions and floor type, affects calf physiological stress and overall productivity.