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Related Concept Videos

The Extracellular Matrix01:42

The Extracellular Matrix

In order to maintain tissue organization, many animal cells are surrounded by structural molecules that make up the extracellular matrix (ECM). Together, the molecules in the ECM maintain the structural integrity of tissue as well as the remarkable specific properties of certain tissues.Composition of the Extracellular MatrixThe extracellular matrix (ECM) is commonly composed of ground substance, a gel-like fluid, fibrous components, and many structurally and functionally diverse molecules.
The Extracellular Matrix01:29

The Extracellular Matrix

Overview
In order to maintain tissue organization, many animal cells are surrounded by structural molecules that make up the extracellular matrix (ECM). Together, the molecules in the ECM maintain the structural integrity of tissue as well as the remarkable specific properties of certain tissues.
Composition of the Extracellular Matrix
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is commonly composed of ground substance, a gel-like fluid, fibrous components, and many structurally and functionally diverse...
Extracellular Matrix01:26

Extracellular Matrix

Unlike epithelial tissue, which is composed of cells closely packed with little or no extracellular space in between, connective tissue cells are dispersed in a matrix. This extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of fibrous proteins like collagen, elastin, and fibronectin in a ground substance consisting of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans. The proteoglycans form a gel-like material in the spaces between cells and provide hydration, buffering, binding, and force...
Bone Remodeling and Repair01:31

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

Fractures: Bone Repair

Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the procedure...
Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue01:23

Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue

Bone tissue forms the internal skeleton of vertebrate animals, providing structure to the body.
Bone Matrix
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a connective tissue that has a large amount of two different types of matrix material. The organic matrix is similar to the matrix material found in other connective tissues, including some amount of collagen and elastic fibers. This gives strength and flexibility to the tissue. The inorganic matrix consists of mineral salts— mostly calcium salts— that give the...

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Author Spotlight: Insights into the Use of Apple-Derived Cellulose Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering
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Incorporating Bone-Derived ECM into Macroporous Microribbon Scaffolds Accelerates Bone Regeneration.

Cassandra Villicana1, Ni Su2, Andrew Yang1

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.

Advanced Healthcare Materials
|January 31, 2025
PubMed
Summary

New macroporous scaffolds made from bone extracellular matrix (bECM) and gelatin promote significant bone regeneration and vascularization in critical-sized defects. This approach enhances endogenous healing without needing added cells or growth factors.

Keywords:
bone regenerationmacroporous hydrogelstissue‐derived ECM

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Distinctive Capillary Action by Micro-channels in Bone-like Templates can Enhance Recruitment of Cells for Restoration of Large Bony Defect
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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Tissue-derived extracellular matrix (tdECM) hydrogels are effective for soft tissue regeneration but lack macroporosity needed for bone regeneration.
  • Existing macroporous ECM scaffolds for bone regeneration are limited.
  • Developing macroporous scaffolds is crucial for enhancing bone healing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop novel macroporous scaffolds integrating bone-derived ECM (bECM) into gelatin microribbons (µRB).
  • To optimize bECM concentration for bone regeneration.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of these scaffolds in a critical-sized bone defect model.

Main Methods:

  • Co-spinning technique to create gelatin/bECM microribbon scaffolds.
  • Characterization of scaffold properties with varying bECM doses (15% and 25%).
  • In vitro studies on mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) osteogenesis and macrophage (Mφ) polarization.
  • In vivo implantation in a mouse critical-sized cranial bone defect model with tricalcium phosphate (TCP).

Main Results:

  • 15% bECM optimized MSC osteogenesis and Mφ polarization in vitro.
  • 15% bECM/gelatin scaffolds with TCP significantly accelerated bone regeneration and vascularization, filling >55% of the defect by week 2.
  • 25% bECM enhanced MSC recruitment and reduced M1 Mφ polarization but impaired bone formation and vascularization.

Conclusions:

  • Co-spun gelatin/bECM hydrogels represent promising macroporous scaffolds for endogenous bone regeneration.
  • This scaffold platform can promote robust bone healing without exogenous cells or growth factors.
  • The developed platform has potential for various tissue regeneration applications using different tdECM.