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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2025

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

Transmission patterns of hepatitis E virus.

Jil A Haase¹, Sarah Schlienkamp¹, Julian J Ring¹

¹Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.

Current Opinion in Virology

|February 1, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a growing global concern due to its zoonotic potential and diverse transmission routes. This review examines HEV

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Last Updated: May 29, 2025

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Published on: June 26, 2020

Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle

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Published on: February 1, 2017

A Competent Hepatocyte Model Examining Hepatitis B Virus Entry through Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide as a Therapeutic Target

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Published on: May 10, 2022

Area of Science:

Virology
Public Health
Food Safety

Background:

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes both sporadic cases and widespread outbreaks globally.
The virus has a broad host range, increasing the risk of zoonotic transmission.
Environmental stability and genetic diversity of HEV complicate control efforts.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive overview of HEV transmission routes.
To discuss the significance of HEV as a foodborne zoonotic pathogen.
To identify preventive measures and future research directions.

Main Methods:

Literature review and synthesis of existing research on HEV.
Analysis of HEV genotypes, host reservoirs, and transmission pathways.
Discussion of epidemiological data and public health implications.

Main Results:

HEV transmission occurs through various routes, including contaminated water and food.
Foodborne transmission, particularly via undercooked meat, is a significant zoonotic pathway.
Genotypic diversity influences HEV's host range and transmission dynamics.

Conclusions:

HEV poses a significant and evolving public health threat.
Effective prevention requires integrated strategies addressing food safety and sanitation.
Further research is needed to fully understand and control HEV transmission.