Lessons on the force-form-function connection in cell biology from modeling a syncytial germline

Germline architecture plays a critical role in the production of functional gametes. Across species, oogenesis involves not only the preparation of the genome for sexual reproduction, but also the dramatic enlargement of a cell compartment to reach a volume sufficient to support embryogenesis. Creating exceptionally large cells is accomplished by a syncytial structure, in which many nucleus-containing compartments are interconnected by cytoplasmic bridges. Maintenance and function of the intricate multi-compartment architecture of syncytia requires cortical contractility, cytoplasmic flows, and germline extrinsic forces that deform and displace the germline and its constituent compartments. The dynamic interplay between local and global force production in shaping syncytial architecture makes the germline an excellent model to study the force-form-function connection in cell biology. Here, we highlight work that has combined physical modeling with cell biological measurements to define the force-form-function connection, using the Caenorhabditis elegans oogenic germline as an archetype.