Unraveling the genetics of underwater caddisfly silk

Hundreds of thousands of arthropod species use silk to capture prey, build protective structures, or anchor eggs. While most silk-producers are terrestrial, caddisflies construct silken capture nets and portable cases in aquatic environments. Given the potential practical applications of this underwater bioadhesive, there is an emerging body of research focused on understanding the evolution of the genetic architecture of aquatic silk. This research has unveiled molecular adaptations specific to caddisfly silk, such as extensive phosphorylation of the primary silk protein and the existence of numerous unique accessory silk proteins. We discuss the molecular evolution of caddisfly silk genes, how they interact with the environment, and suggest future directions for caddisfly silk genetics research.