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Clean Sampling and Analysis of River and Estuarine Waters for Trace Metal Studies
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Heavy metals pollution in riverine sediments: Distribution, source, and environmental implications.

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|February 2, 2025
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Summary

Heavy metal pollution in River Kabul, Pakistan, poses significant risks to human health and ecosystems. Cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) show very high potential ecological risk, necessitating urgent pollution control measures.

Keywords:
Ecological risksHeavy metalsMultivariate analysisRiver KabulRiverine sediments

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Geochemistry
  • Ecotoxicology

Background:

  • Riverine sediments serve as crucial indicators of heavy metal pollution.
  • River Kabul in Pakistan faces potential contamination risks affecting human health and aquatic ecosystems.
  • Understanding heavy metal distribution and sources is vital for effective environmental management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the levels and spatial distribution of heavy metals (Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg, Pb, Fe, Al) in River Kabul sediments.
  • To identify the pollution status and potential ecological risks associated with these heavy metals.
  • To determine the sources and correlations of heavy metal contamination in the riverine environment.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of heavy metal concentrations in riverine sediments using established methods.
  • Calculation of contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), and geo-accumulation index (Igeo) to assess pollution levels.
  • Application of correlation statistics, cluster analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA) to determine metal sources and relationships.
  • Evaluation of ecological risks using threshold effect concentrations (TECs) and probable effect concentrations (PECs).

Main Results:

  • Significant spatial variations in heavy metal concentrations were observed, with Iron (Fe) and Aluminum (Al) being most abundant.
  • Cadmium (Cd) and Mercury (Hg) exhibited the highest pollution degrees, with geo-accumulation index (Igeo) values indicating moderate to extreme pollution.
  • Contamination factor (CF) and pollution load index (PLI) values highlighted monitoring site S-9 as the most polluted.
  • Principal component analysis identified industrial, agrochemical, mining, and domestic wastewater discharges, alongside geogenic inputs, as primary sources.
  • Cadmium (Cd) and Mercury (Hg) posed a very high potential ecological risk (PERI), necessitating immediate attention.

Conclusions:

  • River Kabul sediments are contaminated with various heavy metals, posing significant ecological risks, particularly from Cd and Hg.
  • Multiple anthropogenic and geogenic sources contribute to the heavy metal pollution in the river.
  • Urgent pollution control strategies are required to mitigate the adverse biological effects and protect the riverine ecosystem.