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The value of CSF diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in NMOSD and MOGAD in real-life use
M Johnsson1, K Eriksson2, I Rosenstein1
1Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden/Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Sweden.
Background:
Diagnosing neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) may be challenging owing to overlapping clinical features with multiple sclerosis (MS) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), particularly in AQP4-IgG seronegative NMOSD patients. We evaluated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, specifically glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and albumin quotient (QAlb), to improve diagnostic accuracy in NMOSD.
Methods:
In this retrospective study, we analyzed CSF samples for biomarkers GFAP, QAlb, neurofilament light, and total-Tau, from patients with AQP4-NMOSD, DNNMOSD, MOGAD, and MS in the Region Västra Götaland, Sweden. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis with calculation of the area under the curve (AUC) was used to identify optimal cut-off levels for discriminating AQP4-NMOSD from the other groups. Logistic regression models assessed the diagnostic power of GFAP and QAlb combined.
Results:
Patients with AQP4-NMOSD (N = 19) had significantly higher CSF GFAP levels than the others: median 2470 ng/L vs 330 ng/L (p < 0.001). The GFAP cutoff >715 ng/L gave a sensitivity of 81 % and specificity of 92 %. Combining GFAP and QAlb further increased the diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 0.96). MOGAD patients (N = 29) had the highest CSF lymphocyte counts, with elevated lymphocyte counts correlating with polyphasic MOGAD (R = 0.63; p = 0.016).
Conclusion:
CSF GFAP is a valuable biomarker for distinguishing AQP4-NMOSD from other demyelinating diseases: Combining GFAP with QAlb enhances diagnostic precision.
