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Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

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The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
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Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

Drug Delivery: Overview

274
The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
274
Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
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Additional Routes of Drug Administration01:18

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Choosing the appropriate route of drug administration is significantly influenced by two key factors: the therapeutic objectives and the inherent properties of the drug being used.
Administering drugs via inhalation allows for the direct delivery of gaseous, volatile substances or droplets to different parts of the respiratory tract. One of the advantages of the inhalation route is the rapid absorption of drugs into the circulatory system, which is possible because of the large surface area of...
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Factors Affecting Drug Response: Overview01:21

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When it comes to infants and young children, they are typically administered smaller doses of medication in comparison to adults. This is primarily because their organ functions still need to fully develop, meaning their bodies are not as efficient at metabolizing or eliminating drugs. Additionally, their blood-brain barrier is more permeable than in adults. As a result, high concentrations of drugs can easily penetrate the central nervous system (CNS), potentially leading to neurological...
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Factors Affecting Drug Distribution: Physiological Barriers01:23

Factors Affecting Drug Distribution: Physiological Barriers

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Drug distribution in the body is intricately regulated by various physiological barriers that control the passage of substances. These include the capillary endothelial barrier, the blood-brain, blood-cerebrospinal fluid, blood-placental, and blood-testis barriers.
The capillary endothelial barrier allows only smaller molecules below 600 Da (Daltons) to pass through. It also restricts drugs like heparin that are bound to blood components, limiting their movement within the bloodstream.
The...
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Systemic and Local Drug Delivery for Treating Diseases of the Central Nervous System in Rodent Models
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Assessing central nervous system drug delivery.

Margareta Hammarlund-Udenaes1, Irena Loryan1

  • 1Translational PKPD Group, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.

Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery
|February 3, 2025
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Summary

Overcoming the blood-brain barrier for central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery is critical. This review highlights essential methods and collaboration needs for developing effective CNS disease treatments.

Keywords:
Blood-brain barrier (BBB)CNS exposureKp,uu,brainbrain drug deliverycerebrospinal fluid (CSF)combinatory mapping approachdrug developmentpermeability

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Neuroscience
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • The blood-brain barrier (BBB) significantly impedes drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS).
  • This challenge limits therapeutic options for numerous CNS diseases.
  • Streamlining methods to assess drug candidates is vital for improving drug discovery and development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss prerequisites for successful CNS drug delivery.
  • To review current methods for assessing CNS drug candidates.
  • To emphasize the need for interdisciplinary collaboration in CNS drug development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on CNS drug delivery.
  • Discussion of in vitro, in vivo, and in silico approaches.
  • Analysis of methods for measuring clinically relevant parameters.

Main Results:

  • Progress in method development for CNS drug delivery is noted.
  • In silico models, in vitro systems, and AI require further validation against clinical data.
  • In vivo research in animal models is crucial for bridging the gap to clinical relevance.

Conclusions:

  • Closer collaboration between in vitro and in vivo scientists is essential.
  • Improving the relevance of current methods will increase the success rate of CNS therapies.
  • Further development is needed for predictive models in CNS drug discovery.