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Anatomy of the Intestines01:23

Anatomy of the Intestines

Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
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The small intestine exhibits a unique histological structure that significantly enhances its function in digestion and nutrient absorption. These structures include circular folds, villi, and various specialized cells that collectively facilitate the digestion of food.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Culture Methods to Study Apical-Specific Interactions using Intestinal Organoid Models
07:49

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Innervation of Human Intestinal Organoids.

Rachel C Bordelon1, Madushani Herath1, Allison L Speer2

  • 1Program in Children's Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston.

Journal of Visualized Experiments : Jove
|February 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a novel method to engineer a functional bioengineered small intestine by incorporating the enteric nervous system (ENS) into human intestinal organoids (HIOs). This approach optimizes progenitor cell development for improved intestinal tissue engineering.

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Innervation of Human Intestinal Organoids
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Area of Science:

  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Developmental Biology
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Creating a bioengineered small intestine is challenging due to complex cytoarchitecture and function.
  • Existing human intestinal organoids (HIOs) lack crucial components like the enteric nervous system (ENS).
  • Previous studies have explored methods for innervating HIOs with an ENS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a unique method for incorporating the ENS into HIO-derived bioengineered small intestines.
  • To optimize progenitor cell identity and developmental timing for enhanced ENS integration.
  • To create a more mature and functional bioengineered intestinal model.

Main Methods:

  • Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) were differentiated into HIOs and enteric neural crest cells (ENCCs).
  • ENCCs were co-cultured with HIOs at an early developmental stage (mid-hindgut spheroid).
  • Co-cultures were maintained in vitro and then transplanted into immunodeficient mice for maturation.

Main Results:

  • The developed method successfully integrated ENS into HIOs.
  • Transplanted HIOs with ENS (tHIOs) showed further development and maturation in vivo.
  • The early co-culture strategy maximized exposure to developmental cues, promoting a more mature intestinal morphology.

Conclusions:

  • This integrated approach offers a promising strategy for generating bioengineered small intestines with a functional ENS.
  • The method optimizes developmental timing and progenitor cell utilization for improved tissue engineering outcomes.
  • Further development of this technique could advance treatments for intestinal diseases.