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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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A Phenotypically Distinct Human Th2 Cell Subpopulation Is Associated With Development of Allergic Disorders in

Catherine R Pizzarello1,2, Courtney M Jackson1, Katherine Herman1

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Infants in urban environments show elevated Th2B cells, a unique T cell type linked to increased allergy risk. Farming lifestyles are associated with more regulatory T cells (Tregs).

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Pediatrics
  • Allergy Research

Background:

  • Infant T cell immunity development in diverse lifestyles remains understudied.
  • Lack of detailed immunophenotyping in birth cohorts limits understanding of early life immune ontogeny.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare T cell immunity development in infants from farming versus urban environments.
  • To identify distinct immune cell populations associated with different lifestyle risks for allergic diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized full spectrum flow cytometry and high-dimensional analysis (SWIFT) on infant blood samples.
  • Employed single-cell RNAseq and multiplex cytokine assays for functional cell assessment.
  • Compared two birth cohorts (farming and urban) at multiple infant time points (birth, 6, 12 months).

Main Results:

  • Elevated regulatory T cell (Treg) subpopulations observed in farming infants and non-atopic infants.
  • A novel effector memory Th2 population, termed Th2B cells, was identified and found elevated in urban infants at 6 months.
  • Th2B cells were associated with the development of atopic dermatitis, food allergy, and allergic sensitization in urban infants.

Conclusions:

  • A unique effector memory Th2 population (Th2B cells) is identified.
  • This Th2B cell population is elevated in urban infants at high risk for allergic diseases.
  • The findings suggest Th2B cells may play a role in the pathogenesis of infant allergic conditions.