From bench to bedside: murine models of inherited and sporadic brain arteriovenous malformations

Brain arteriovenous malformations are abnormal vascular structures in which an artery shunts high pressure blood directly to a vein without an intervening capillary bed. These lesions become highly remodeled over time and are prone to rupture. Historically, brain arteriovenous malformations have been challenging to treat, using primarily surgical approaches. Over the past few decades, the genetic causes of these malformations have been uncovered. These can be divided into (1) familial forms, such as loss of function mutations in TGF-β (BMP9/10) components in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, or (2) sporadic forms, resulting from somatic gain of function mutations in genes involved in the RAS-MAPK signaling pathway. Leveraging these genetic discoveries, preclinical mouse models have been developed to uncover the mechanisms underlying abnormal vessel formation, and thus revealing potential therapeutic targets. Impressively, initial preclinical studies suggest that pharmacological treatments disrupting these aberrant pathways may ameliorate the abnormal pathologic vessel remodeling and inflammatory and hemorrhagic nature of these high-flow vascular anomalies. Intriguingly, these studies also suggest uncontrolled angiogenic signaling may be a major driver in bAVM pathogenesis. This comprehensive review describes the genetics underlying both inherited and sporadic bAVM and details the state of the field regarding murine models of bAVM, highlighting emerging therapeutic targets that may transform our approach to treating these devastating lesions.