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Hypergamy reconsidered: Marriage in England, 1837-2021.

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Contrary to popular belief, this study of over 33 million marriages in England reveals women did not "marry up." Social status between marital partners remained consistently equal across generations, challenging traditional views on hypergamy.

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Area of Science:

  • Sociology
  • Demography
  • Social Mobility Studies

Background:

  • Sociological theories posit women prioritize higher social status in partners, leading to female hypergamy and increased intergenerational social mobility.
  • This belief suggests a pattern of women marrying partners of higher socioeconomic standing than themselves.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To empirically test the long-held assumption of widespread female marital hypergamy in England.
  • To analyze trends in social status matching between marital partners and their families over a significant historical period.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a large-scale dataset encompassing over 33 million marriages and 67 million births in England from 1837 to 2021.
  • Compared the social status of women's fathers with their husbands' fathers, and analyzed the social status associated with female and male surnames over time.

Main Results:

  • Found no evidence of significant female hypergamous marriage throughout the 1837-2021 period.
  • The average social status of women's paternal families consistently matched that of their husbands' paternal families.
  • Social status associated with female and male surnames, and parent surnames of children, showed equality in marriages from 1912-2007.

Conclusions:

  • Challenges the prevailing notion of female hypergamy and its assumed link to greater female intergenerational social mobility.
  • Suggests that social status matching in marriage has been remarkably stable and egalitarian, rather than hypergamous, for women in England.
  • The consistent correlation in social status between marital partners implies factors other than social status, such as physical attraction, were unlikely to be the primary drivers of partner selection.