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Related Concept Videos

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

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Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
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Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

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Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx...
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Classification of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants01:28

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Skeletal muscle relaxants are a group of drugs that can reduce muscle stiffness and induce temporary paralysis to relieve pain. These agents can act centrally to reduce muscle tone or spasms in painful conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or spinal injuries; they are called antispasmodics or spasmolytics.
Peripherally acting skeletal muscle relaxants interfere with the neurotransmission at the neuromuscular end plate to induce paralysis during...
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Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:24

Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

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Centrally acting muscle relaxants reduce muscle tone and tension by interfering with the postsynaptic reflexes in the central nervous system.
Centrally acting drugs are classified into spasmolytic and antispasmodic drugs. Spasmolytic drugs such as baclofen, diazepam, and tizanidine inhibit spinal motor neurons and decrease muscle tone. Spasmolytic drugs are administered for severe and chronic spasms due to multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, stroke, and spinal cord and muscle injuries. However,...
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Parkinson's Disease: Treatment01:24

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment

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Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
Parkinson's Disease is primarily a result of the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The cornerstone of...
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Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacological Actions01:30

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacological Actions

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Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists, also known as anticholinesterases, exert their pharmacological effects by enhancing cholinergic transmission in various body parts, including the neuromuscular junction, autonomic cholinergic synapses, and the brain.
At the neuromuscular junction, these agents work by inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine, allowing it to remain bound to the receptor and bind to nearby receptors. This process leads to repetitive firing of the endplate, causing muscle...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2025

MRI-guided Focused Ultrasound Thalamotomy for Patients with Medically-refractory Essential Tremor
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Botulinum toxin for essential tremor.

Kartika Gulati1, Sanjay Pandey1

  • 1Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Mata Amritanandamayi Marg Sector 88, Faridabad, Delhi National Capital Region, 121002, India.

Toxicon : Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology
|February 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Botulinum toxin is a valuable treatment for essential tremor when medications fail. It offers an effective alternative for limb, head, and voice tremors, despite potential side effects.

Keywords:
Botulinum toxinEssential limb tremorHead tremorVoice tremor

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Movement Disorders

Background:

  • Essential tremor is a common cause of action tremors affecting limbs, head, and voice.
  • Pharmacotherapy is the primary treatment, but many patients show inadequate response.
  • Invasive surgical options exist but carry significant risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the efficacy and considerations of using botulinum toxin for essential tremor.
  • To explore botulinum toxin as an alternative for medically resistant limb tremors.
  • To assess its role in managing axial symptoms like head and voice tremors.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on botulinum toxin for essential tremor.
  • Analysis of clinical utility and safety data.
  • Examination of treatment outcomes for limb, head, and voice tremors.

Main Results:

  • Botulinum toxin is clinically useful for medically resistant essential limb tremors.
  • It is a key option for axial symptoms (head/voice tremors) unresponsive to medication.
  • Safety concerns, such as weakness, require careful consideration.

Conclusions:

  • Botulinum toxin is an important therapeutic alternative for essential tremor.
  • It provides a viable option for patients with medically refractory or axial tremors.
  • Careful patient selection and management are crucial to mitigate risks.