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Extensive off-fault damage around the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquake surface ruptures
Jihong Liu1, Sigurjón Jónsson2, Xing Li1
1King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
Nature Communications
|February 3, 2025
Summary
Major earthquakes cause significant off-fault damage, underestimating total slip. This study quantifies this damage using satellite data, revealing it can account for a third of earthquake slip.
Area of Science:
- Geophysics and Remote Sensing
- Earthquake Science and Seismology
Background:
- Accurate quantification of coseismic fault offsets is crucial for understanding earthquake cycles, slip rates, and seismic hazard.
- Traditional fault offset measurements often underestimate total fault slip due to inelastic deformation and off-fault damage.
Purpose of the Study:
- To quantify the extent and impact of off-fault damage in the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes using satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data.
- To assess how geometrical complexities of fault ruptures influence the distribution and magnitude of off-fault damage.
Main Methods:
- Utilized satellite SAR imagery to derive three-dimensional coseismic surface displacements for the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes.
- Analyzed the spatial distribution of off-fault damage in relation to surface rupture complexity (e.g., bends, step-overs).
Main Results:
- Off-fault damage accommodates approximately 35% of the total coseismic slip within 5-7 km of the main rupture zones.
- Fault sections with geometric complexities exhibited significantly higher levels of off-fault damage compared to simpler fault segments.
- The findings indicate that slip-rate estimations based solely on fault offset measurements may underestimate actual slip by up to one-third.
Conclusions:
- Off-fault damage is a significant component of earthquake rupture processes, necessitating its inclusion in seismic hazard assessments.
- Future studies should extend damage assessments several kilometers away from main fault ruptures to capture the full extent of deformation.
- The results underscore the importance of considering fault geometry in predicting the spatial distribution of off-fault deformation.
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