Multimodal Splitting and Reciprocating Transport of Droplets on a Reprogrammable Functional Surface

Droplet manipulations have important applications in many fields, especially droplet splitting and transport in aseptic operations or biochemical reagent analysis. However, droplet splitting or transport on existing functional surfaces is limited to predesigned microstructures or fixed patterns. It remains a challenge to realize reprogrammable surface microstructures for freely controllable droplet splitting and transport. In this study, a flexible technique for both the multimodal splitting and reciprocating transport of droplets on one surface is proposed. Such a surface is prepared with a facile fabrication method by premixing magnetic particles and softener into the polymer solvent matrix and immersing the solidified matrix in a lubricant. The movable wettability gradient is generated on the surface by an external magnetic field, which can act as an invisible "air knife" to split the droplet in multiple modes. The mechanism and critical conditions of droplet splitting are analyzed and revealed theoretically. Furthermore, the microstructural configurations and surface wettability can be reprogrammed by modulating the magnetic field strength and gradient. Accordingly, the splitting behavior of the droplet is transformed into the reciprocating transport behavior. The influencing factors of such behavior have also been analyzed. The reported reprogrammable manipulation of the droplet on one surface provides a versatile prototype for the actuation of droplets in microfluidic and biological analysis devices.