Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Classification of Bones

Classification of Bones

The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
Long and Short Bones
The appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper and lower limbs, is primarily made of long and short bones. The long...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

The Effect of Prevaccination Analgesics on Influenza Vaccine Immunogenicity and Effectiveness.

The Journal of infectious diseases·2026

Same author

Is cellular senescence a biological feature of Long COVID? A transcriptomic analysis across comparative post-acute sequelae phenotypes.

The Journal of infectious diseases·2026

Same author

Host Genetic Regulation of NLRP3 Inflammasome Cytokines Reveals Immune and Vascular Pathways in HIV.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026

Same author

Pemphigus vulgaris-a blistering clinical enigma: case report.

BMC oral health·2026

Same author

Correction: SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with self-reported post-acute neuropsychological symptoms within six months of follow-up.

PloS one·2026

Same author

Comparison of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and interferential therapy for salivary stimulation in postmenopausal women: a pilot study.

Scientific reports·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images

A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images

Published on: April 21, 2023

Automated classification of elongated styloid processes using deep learning models-an artificial intelligence

Anuradha Ganesan¹, N Gautham Kumar², Prabhu Manickam Natarajan³

¹Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, SRM Dental College, Bharathi Salai, Chennai, India.

Frontiers in Oral Health

|February 4, 2025

Summary

Deep learning models accurately classify elongated styloid processes (ESP). EfficientNetB5 achieved 97.49% accuracy, outperforming InceptionV3, aiding in diagnosing this condition causing cervical pain and headaches.

Keywords:

convolutional neural networks deep learning diagnosis panoramic radiography styloid process

More Related Videos

Application of Deep Learning-Based Medical Image Segmentation via Orbital Computed Tomography

Application of Deep Learning-Based Medical Image Segmentation via Orbital Computed Tomography

Published on: November 30, 2022

Objectification of Tongue Diagnosis in Traditional Medicine, Data Analysis, and Study Application

Objectification of Tongue Diagnosis in Traditional Medicine, Data Analysis, and Study Application

Published on: April 14, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 12, 2026

A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images

A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images

Published on: April 21, 2023

Application of Deep Learning-Based Medical Image Segmentation via Orbital Computed Tomography

Application of Deep Learning-Based Medical Image Segmentation via Orbital Computed Tomography

Published on: November 30, 2022

Objectification of Tongue Diagnosis in Traditional Medicine, Data Analysis, and Study Application

Objectification of Tongue Diagnosis in Traditional Medicine, Data Analysis, and Study Application

Published on: April 14, 2023

Area of Science:

Radiology and Medical Imaging
Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
Deep Learning for Medical Diagnosis

Background:

Elongated styloid processes (ESP) can cause cervical pain, throat discomfort, and headaches, potentially leading to severe complications.
Traditional classification methods for ESP are limited by image quality and anatomical variations, impacting diagnostic accuracy.
Artificial intelligence, specifically deep learning, offers a promising avenue for more efficient ESP classification.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop an automated classification system for elongated styloid processes (ESP) using deep learning.
To evaluate and compare the performance of EfficientNetB5 and InceptionV3 architectures for ESP classification.

Main Methods:

Retrospective analysis of Ortho Pantomograms (OPG) to classify ESP.
Utilized ImageJ for styloid process length measurement and curated a dataset of 330 elongated and 120 normal styloid images.
Employed median filtering, resizing, data augmentation, and deep learning models (EfficientNetB5, InceptionV3) for classification and performance evaluation.

Main Results:

EfficientNetB5 achieved high performance with 97.49% accuracy, 98.00% precision, 97.00% recall, and 97.00% F1-score (AUC 0.9825).
InceptionV3 demonstrated lower performance with 84.11% accuracy, 85.00% precision, 84.00% recall, and 84.00% F1-score (AUC 0.8943).
EfficientNetB5 significantly outperformed InceptionV3 across all evaluated metrics.

Conclusions:

Deep learning models, particularly EfficientNetB5, can accurately categorize elongated styloid processes based on morphological characteristics from panoramic radiographs.
The developed models enhance diagnostic accuracy and can streamline clinical workflows for improved patient care.
Automated classification of ESP using deep learning shows potential for advancing diagnostic capabilities in oral radiology.