Lipid bilayer fracture under uniaxial stretch

Most studies on pore formation in lipid membranes focus on lipid vesicles under isotropic tension. These models however fail to replicate the anisotropic stresses encountered by living cells and the complex rheological properties of the cell membrane arising from its interactions with the underlying cytoskeleton. Here, we employ a custom-built device to impose uniaxial stretch on PDMS-supported lipid membranes. We show that in contrast to the circular pores in vesicles, supported membranes under uniaxial loading open elliptical pores that are aligned perpendicularly to the direction of stretch. We discuss the constraints on tension diffusion in supported membranes, and how tension distribution determines the density and the shape of the membrane pores in relation to the applied strain rate and strain magnitude. Our paper shows for the first time that lipid membranes can exhibit a fracture behavior similar to the fracture of soft gels under tensile loading.