Lyophilized ash gourd (Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.) juice alleviates diet-induced prediabetes in a rat model

Prediabetes is characterized by elevated blood sugar levels, indicating an increased risk of developing diabetes. This study evaluated the effects of ash gourd (AG), a tropical fruit from the Cucurbitaceae family, on prediabetes, as well as its phytochemical composition. A prediabetic rat model was developed in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats by administering a high fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks. This model exhibited reduced pancreatic function, heightened insulin resistance, and decreased insulin sensitivity compared to a standard diet group, leading to hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia, hallmarks of prediabetic conditions. Histological analysis of hepatic tissue revealed macro- and microvesicular fat accumulation and inflammatory changes, supporting these findings. This study highlights the utility of HFD-induced SD rats as a model for prediabetic conditions. Following this, lyophilized ash gourd juice (LAGJ) powder was administered to the prediabetic rat model to assess its potential for reversing prediabetic conditions. LAGJ administration resulted in a significant reduction in fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance. Additionally, LAGJ significantly mitigated fatty liver changes compared to the prediabetic untreated control (PUC) group. Histological examination of liver tissue in the LAGJ treated group showed a typical architecture similar to that of the normal control group. These findings indicate that LAGJ could be a promising intervention for individuals with prediabetes who are at risk of developing type 2 diabetes and fatty liver disease. Phytochemical analysis of AG pulp revealed the presence of stigmasterol, stigmasteryl β-glucoside, and 6'-O-palmitoyl stigmasteryl β-glucoside.