A Comprehensive Review of Contemporary Bioreactors for Vascular Inflammation Studies

The field of vascular biology has advanced significantly with bioreactor systems, which have become essential tools for investigating the mechanisms of vascular inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, vasculitis, and aneurysms. These bioreactors allow researchers to recreate specific vascular environments, providing a controlled setting for studying the effects of blood flow, mechanical stress, and biochemical factors on vascular tissues. Through these systems, researchers can explore how physical and chemical cues contribute to disease processes and cellular responses, enhancing our understanding of disease progression. Bioreactor studies have demonstrated that hemodynamic forces, particularly shear stress, influence endothelial cell behavior and play a role in vascular pathologies. For instance, in atherosclerosis, disturbed flow patterns are associated with endothelial dysfunction and plaque development. By simulating these conditions, bioreactors provide insight into the effects of mechanical forces on vascular wall biology, highlighting how altered flow can contribute to disease. Bioreactors also support studies on the impacts of pulsatile flow and circumferential stress, allowing a closer approximation of physiological environments. Beyond flow dynamics, these systems facilitate investigation into how vascular cells respond to biochemical signals, inflammatory markers, and therapeutic interventions. This integrated approach allows for a more complete picture of the factors involved in vascular disease. Recent advancements, such as vessel-on-a-chip models and artery-mimicking setups, extend the capabilities of bioreactors by enabling researchers to model a broader range of conditions relevant to human physiology. In vasculitis studies, bioreactors help explore immune interactions with endothelial cells, especially with stem cell-derived cells that replicate patient-specific responses. Bioreactors also play a role in vascular tissue engineering, particularly in assessing materials and scaffold-free designs that may reduce inflammation in vascular grafts. These efforts contribute to the ongoing search for more compatible graft materials, with the potential to improve outcomes in clinical applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of bioreactor technologies applied in vascular inflammation research, examining their designs, applications, and contributions to disease modeling. Organized into sections on bioreactor configurations, flow dynamics, biochemical interactions, and tissue engineering applications, the review concludes by discussing recent innovations and highlighting directions for future research, underscoring the role of bioreactors in bridging laboratory studies with insights into vascular disease.