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Related Concept Videos

G-Protein Gated Ion Channels01:21

G-Protein Gated Ion Channels

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GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
Sensory...
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Channel Rhodopsins01:11

Channel Rhodopsins

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Most organisms use photoreceptors to sense and respond to light. Examples of photoreceptors include bacteriorhodopsins and bacteriophytochromes in some bacteria, phytochromes in plants, and rhodopsins in the photoreceptor cells of the vertebral retina. The light-sensitive property of these receptors is because of the bound chromophores, such as bilin in the phytochromes and retinal in the rhodopsins.
Rhodopsins belong to the family of cell surface proteins called G-protein coupled receptors,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2025

Controllable Ion Channel Expression through Inducible Transient Transfection
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Controllable Ion Channel Expression through Inducible Transient Transfection

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Optogenetic engineering for ion channel modulation.

Tianlu Wang1, Tatsuki Nonomura1, Tien-Hung Lan1

  • 1Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA.

Current Opinion in Chemical Biology
|February 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Optogenetics uses light and genetic engineering to control cell activity, advancing biomedical research and therapies. New genetically encoded light-sensitive ion channel actuators and modulators (GELICAMs) offer diverse applications.

Keywords:
ChannelrhodopsinImmunotherapyIon channelNeurodegenerationOptogeneticsProtein engineeringSynthetic biology

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Molecular Biology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Optogenetics integrates photonics and genetic engineering for precise control of cellular processes.
  • Its adoption in research is driven by spatiotemporal control, minimal invasiveness, and reversibility.
  • Applications range from restoring vision to treating neurological and cardiac disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in engineering genetically encoded light-sensitive ion channel actuators and modulators (GELICAMs).
  • To explore the diverse ion selectivity and spectral sensitivity of newly developed GELICAMs.
  • To discuss the potential applications and challenges of GELICAMs in biomedical research and therapeutics.

Main Methods:

  • Summarizing progress in engineering GELICAMs with varied ion selectivity and spectral sensitivity.
  • Reviewing the use of microbial channelrhodopsins (ChRs) for neuronal and cardiac activity manipulation.
  • Discussing the engineering of plant-derived photoswitchable domains into ion channels.

Main Results:

  • Development of GELICAMs with enhanced and diverse ion selectivity.
  • Expansion of spectral sensitivity in engineered optogenetic tools.
  • Demonstration of microbial and vertebrate rhodopsins for precise cellular control.

Conclusions:

  • GELICAMs represent a significant advancement in optogenetic tools.
  • These engineered proteins hold promise for diverse biomedical research and therapeutic applications.
  • Further research is needed to overcome challenges in their clinical translation.