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New method for cytological evaluation using direct nipple discharge without aspiration.

Jiang Zhu1,2, Han Cong1, Xiaotong Zhang1

  • 1Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.

Scientific Reports
|February 5, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Liquid-based cytology (LBC) offers improved breast tumor detection from nipple discharge compared to conventional smear cytology (CSC). LBC enhances diagnostic accuracy and image quality, providing a better method for early breast cancer evaluation.

Keywords:
Breast cancerDiagnosisLiquid-based cytologyNipple discharge

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Cytopathology

Background:

  • Conventional smear cytology (CSC) is used for breast tumor diagnosis via nipple discharge.
  • CSC often suffers from misdiagnosis due to blood cell and impurity contamination.
  • There is a critical need for more accurate and sensitive diagnostic methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of liquid-based cytology (LBC) for cytological analysis of nipple discharge.
  • To compare the diagnostic performance of LBC against CSC for breast tumor detection.

Main Methods:

  • 111 nipple discharge samples were collected directly from patients.
  • Liquid-based cytology (LBC) was performed after centrifugation to remove contaminants.
  • Conventional smear cytology (CSC) was performed in parallel for comparative analysis.

Main Results:

  • LBC demonstrated significantly higher diagnostic sensitivity (40.00%) than CSC (22.22%) (P=0.01).
  • LBC showed improved specificity (100%) compared to CSC (95.2%).
  • The area under the curve (AUC) was enhanced with LBC (0.700) versus CSC (0.587), with superior image quality observed.

Conclusions:

  • Liquid-based cytology (LBC) is a superior diagnostic method for nipple discharge compared to CSC.
  • LBC offers enhanced sensitivity, specificity, and image clarity for early breast tumor detection.