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Updated: May 29, 2025

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Watershed: a more efficient sampling unit for mountain camera traps.

Jun-Jie Li1, Yi-Hao Fang1,2, Ji-Cong Zhan1

  • 1Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, 671003, Yunnan, China.

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|February 5, 2025
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Summary

Watershed sampling effectively captures wildlife diversity in mountainous regions. This approach, using watersheds as sampling units for camera trap (CT) surveys, improves species richness and habitat assessment compared to traditional grid methods.

Keywords:
BiodiversitySpecies richnessTopography spatial sampling designWatershed ecologyWildlife conservationWildlife monitoring

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Wildlife Conservation
  • Spatial Sampling

Background:

  • Traditional camera trap (CT) surveys use 2D grids, often ignoring mountainous terrain's impact on species distribution.
  • Complex mountainous terrain, with diverse elevations and habitats, requires specialized sampling strategies for accurate wildlife monitoring.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the effectiveness of watershed-based sampling with grid and elevation gradient patterns for wildlife camera trapping in mountain forests.
  • To assess how habitat factors and topography influence CT survey outcomes in complex mountainous environments.

Main Methods:

  • Contrasted capture rate (CR), species richness, and relative abundance index (RAI) across watershed, grid, and elevation gradient sampling patterns.
  • Analyzed habitat factor correlations and heterogeneities using Analysis of Similarities (ANOSIM).
  • Conducted surveys in southwest China's mountain forests under comparable sampling intensities.

Main Results:

  • Watershed sampling yielded higher CR, species richness, and habitat heterogeneity.
  • Elevation gradient sampling provided more stable species and RAI compared to the grid pattern.
  • Topographic factors indirectly influence CT results through vegetation distribution in small-scale mountains.

Conclusions:

  • Watershed sampling aligns well with mountainous elevation differences and complex topography, enhancing wildlife diversity capture.
  • Watershed-based spatial sampling designs are recommended for mountainous areas, considering elevation gradients and topography for accurate species distribution studies.