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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Interoception, the sense of the body's internal physiological state, is crucial for self-awareness and regulation.
  • Altered interoception is hypothesized to contribute to the development and maintenance of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and synthesize existing literature on the relationship between interoception and ADHD symptoms.
  • To examine interoceptive differences in individuals diagnosed with ADHD compared to controls.
  • To explore the association between ADHD symptom severity and interoceptive abilities in the general population.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed/MEDLINE, PsychINFO, CINAHL, and Scopus databases.
  • Studies were selected based on PRISMA guidelines, with quality assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale.
  • Interoception was measured using objective methods like the heartbeat-tracking test and subjective self-report questionnaires.

Main Results:

  • Three of five studies comparing individuals with and without ADHD found reduced interoception in those with ADHD.
  • Twelve studies in the general population indicated a negative association between interoceptive abilities and symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, emotional dysregulation, and executive dysfunction.
  • Overall study quality was moderate, with limitations including small sample sizes and reporting inconsistencies.

Conclusions:

  • Individuals with ADHD may exhibit diminished interoceptive awareness compared to neurotypical individuals.
  • Reduced interoception is consistently associated with higher ADHD symptom severity across the general population.
  • Targeting interoceptive training could represent a novel therapeutic strategy for managing ADHD symptoms.