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The stem cell niche is the dynamic microenvironment where stem cells reside. Inside these niches, the cells may remain undifferentiated, undergo high self-renewal, or become lineage-specific progenitors. Stem cells coexist with other niche cells, such as stromal cells. They also interact closely with the ECM. Cell-cell and cell-matrix communication occur via adhesion molecules or soluble factors that signal the stem cells and determine their fate. Stromal cells also provide survival signals to...
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All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
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The hematopoietic stem cells or HSCs are multipotent, meaning they can differentiate and give rise to all blood and immune cells. HSCs are maintained in the quiescent stage until an external stimulus initiates their differentiation. The multipotent HSCs exist as two heterogeneous populations, long-term repopulating cells (LTRC) and short-term repopulating cells (STRC). The two HSC populations have different surface markers or receptors and are classified based on quiescence and long-term...
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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
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Stem cell therapy is a method used in regenerative medicine to repair and restore function to damaged tissues and organs. Stem cells have the potential to proliferate and differentiate into various tissue types, making them ideal candidates for tissue regeneration. For example, hematopoietic stem cell transplants are commonly used in blood cancer treatment to replenish damaged bone marrow and restore healthy blood cells.
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Classification of Neural Stem Cell Activation State In Vitro using Autofluorescence
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Regulation of Stem Cell Function by NAD.

Yufan Feng1, Huixian Qiu1, Danica Chen1

  • 1Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States.

Physiology (Bethesda, Md.)
|February 5, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is crucial for stem cell regulation, influencing their fate and impacting regenerative medicine. Understanding NAD+ pathways in normal and cancer stem cells offers insights into health and disease.

Keywords:
NAD+agingsirtuinstem cells

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a vital coenzyme with expanding roles beyond metabolism.
  • NAD+ is recognized as a key regulator of stem cell function and fate decisions.
  • Sirtuins, NAD+-dependent enzymes, have been identified as critical regulators in stem cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution of NAD+ regulation in stem cells over the past decade.
  • To discuss recent advancements in NAD+ regulation influencing stem cell fate.
  • To compare NAD+ regulation in normal versus cancer stem cells and its health implications.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on NAD+ metabolism and stem cell biology.
  • Analysis of studies investigating sirtuins and NAD+ in stem cell regulation.
  • Comparative discussion of NAD+ roles in different stem cell types.

Main Results:

  • NAD+ plays a central role in orchestrating diverse cellular pathways, including DNA repair and gene regulation.
  • NAD+ levels and sirtuin activity are critical for maintaining stem cell pluripotency and differentiation.
  • Distinct mechanisms of NAD+ regulation exist in normal and cancer stem cells.

Conclusions:

  • NAD+ is a pivotal factor in stem cell fate determination and regenerative medicine.
  • Understanding NAD+ regulation in stem cells is essential for developing new therapeutic strategies for diseases.
  • Further research into NAD+ pathways can elucidate its role in aging and disease pathogenesis.