From conventional approaches to circular systems: Evolution of waste management in mega-sporting events

Mega-sporting events like the Olympics and FIFA World Cup generate immense waste, mirroring unsustainable global production and consumption patterns. Effective waste management strategies are crucial, given volumes reaching tens of thousands of tons during these temporary, high-intensity events. This review paper investigates the evolution of waste policies and technological interventions across major sporting events over the past two decades. Waste volumes, compositions, management approaches, and environmental impacts were assessed through systematic literature analysis. Findings reveal waste generation from 0.25 to over 7 kg per spectator daily, with food, paper, plastics, packaging, and construction debris being predominant components. A transition from fragmented coordination toward integrated national sustainability strategies demonstrates growing prioritization of event waste concerns. Recent editions emphasize circular economy principles like reduction, reuse, recycling, and recovery, yet challenges persist in translating ambitions into actions. While technological solutions, including waste-to-energy, smart monitoring, and data analytics, show promise, systemic change requires multi-pronged efforts. Key recommendations encompass proactive, integrated planning across all event stages, continuous innovation, behavior change through education campaigns and incentives, coordinated policy interventions between sporting bodies and government agencies, and strengthened cross-sector collaboration spanning vendors, builders, technology providers, environmental groups, and local communities. With strategic leadership, the influential sports industry could revolutionize circular production and consumption systems globally by embracing sustainability as a core ethos.Implications: This research underscores the significant environmental challenges posed by waste generated during mega-sporting events and highlights the evolving strategies to address these issues. Policymakers can leverage these insights to develop integrated, sustainable waste management practices that align with circular economy principles. By promoting proactive planning, technological innovation, and cross-sector collaboration, governments and sporting bodies can mitigate the environmental impact of these events. The study's findings advocate for coordinated policy interventions and behavioral change initiatives, emphasizing the need for a systemic shift toward sustainability. This research not only informs future event planning but also contributes to broader efforts in advancing global sustainability agendas.