The role of nitric oxide and nitrogen in mediating copper stress in Brassica juncea L

Copper (Cu) holds a significant importance in plant metabolism as it serves as an essential micronutrient but becomes toxic at higher concentrations. Nitric oxide (NO), a key signaling molecule, and nitrogen (N) play essential roles in combating toxicity of some metals. This study explores the potential of interactive effects of NO as 100 µM SNP (sodium nitroprusside, NO source) and N (80 mg N kg^-1 soil) in mitigating Cu (100 mg Cu kg^-1 soil) stress in mustard (Brassica juncea L.) plants. The impaired physio-biochemical changes, photosynthetic efficiency, and the expression level of genes associated with photosynthesis, and N assimilation under Cu stress were ameliorated with the exogenous application of NO and N. The combined treatment of NO and N conspicuously lowered reactive oxygen species (ROS) and its related impacts. It also enhanced the activity and relative expression of antioxidant enzymes, including ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) as well as N assimilation enzymes, such as nitrate reductase (NR) and nitrite reductase (NiR). The supplementation of NO and N also triggered the expression of rbcL (large subunit of Rubisco), photosystem (photosystem II D1 protein; psbA and photosystem II protein B; psbB) and markedly improved photosynthetic capacity under Cu stress. The study highlights the significance of NO and N as a potential strategy to counteract Cu-induced stress in crops. It suggests a synergistic or interactive effect between the two substances as a phytoremediation strategy for enhancing crop growth and productivity in Cu-contaminated soils. Understanding the mechanisms behind NO and N mediated stress alleviation could facilitate the development of targeted approaches to enhance plant resilience against heavy metal stress.