Induced protein expression in Leptospira spp. and its application to CRISPR/Cas9 mutant generation

Expanding the genetic toolkit for Leptospira spp. is a crucial step toward advancing our understanding of the biology and virulence of these atypical bacteria. Pathogenic Leptospira are responsible for over 1 million human leptospirosis cases annually and significantly impact domestic animals. Bovine leptospirosis causes substantial financial losses due to abortion, stillbirths, and suboptimal reproductive performance. The advent of the CRISPR/Cas9 system has marked a turning point in genetic manipulation, with applications across multiple Leptospira species. However, incorporating controlled protein expression into existing genetic tools could further expand their utility. We developed and demonstrated the functionality of IPTG-inducible heterologous protein expression in Leptospira spp. This system was applied for regulated expression of dead Cas9 (dCas9) to generate knockdown mutants, and Cas9 to produce knockout mutants by inducing double-strand breaks (DSB) into desired targets. IPTG-induced dCas9 expression enabled validation of essential genes and non-coding RNAs. Additionally, IPTG-controlled Cas9 expression combined with a constitutive non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) system allowed for successful recovery of knockout mutants, even in the absence of IPTG. These newly controlled protein expression systems will advance studies on the basic biology and virulence of Leptospira, as well as facilitate knockout mutant generation for improved veterinary vaccines.