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Related Concept Videos

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

162
Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into...
162
Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

141
Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
141
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

133
Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...
133
Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

346
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment...
346
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Sulfonylureas01:17

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Sulfonylureas

184
Sulfonylureas are oral hypoglycemic agents utilized in treating type 2 diabetes. They are characterized by their unique sulfonylurea chemical structure. The family of sulfonylureas is divided into generations. First-generation sulfonylureas, including tolbutamide (Orinase), chlorpropamide (Diabinese), and tolazamide (Tolinase), trigger insulin release from pancreatic β cells and enhance peripheral tissues' insulin sensitivity. The second-generation members, such as glipizide...
184
Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

292
Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by...
292

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Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
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Once-Weekly Insulins.

J Hans DeVries1, Tim Heise1

  • 1Profil, Neuss, Germany.

Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics
|February 6, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New once-weekly insulin formulations offer improved convenience for diabetes management. This review critically appraises their development, mechanisms, and clinical study outcomes.

Keywords:
insulin therapyonce-weekly insulinspharmacodynamicspharmacokinetics

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology
  • Diabetes Mellitus Research

Background:

  • Insulin therapy remains central to diabetes management.
  • Continuous innovation in insulin formulations aims to improve patient adherence and glycemic control.
  • The centenary of commercial insulin highlights ongoing advancements in its delivery and efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms behind novel long-acting insulin formulations.
  • To critically appraise the early clinical research and registration study results of once-weekly insulins.
  • To provide an overview of the latest developments in insulin therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review of published literature.
  • Analysis of data from clinical registration studies.
  • Critical appraisal of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties.

Main Results:

  • A first-generation once-weekly insulin is now available in several markets.
  • Emerging data from registration studies of a second once-weekly insulin are being reported.
  • These new formulations demonstrate prolonged duration of action through specific technological advancements.

Conclusions:

  • Once-weekly insulin formulations represent a significant advancement in diabetes care.
  • Further research and real-world data are crucial for understanding the long-term impact and patient benefits.
  • These innovations hold promise for enhancing treatment convenience and potentially improving patient outcomes.