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Kidney Structure01:45

Kidney Structure

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The kidneys are two large bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdomen. They filter the blood several times a day to remove toxins and rebalance water and electrolytes of the circulatory system via the renal veins. The kidneys receive blood directly from the heart via the renal arteries. These arteries enter the kidney at the hilum, the concave surface of the bean, where they branch and divide into smaller vessels and capillaries.
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External Anatomy of the Kidney01:21

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The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs in the human body that play a critical role in maintaining overall health. They filter out waste products from the blood, regulate blood pressure, maintain electrolyte balance, and stimulate the production of red blood cells.
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The kidneys are essential organs in the human body, performing a myriad of tasks that maintain homeostasis and overall health.
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...
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The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule are two essential components of the nephron, which is the functional unit of the kidney. These microscopic structures play a critical role in the process of blood filtration to produce urine.
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Updated: May 29, 2025

Author Spotlight: Developing a Bedside Protocol for Kidney and Genitourinary Ultrasonography
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Mastic Kidney: A Rare Radiological Feature.

Mariana Salvado de Morais1, Sofia Cunha1, Íris Galvão1

  • 1Internal Medicine, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, PRT.

Cureus
|February 6, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Tuberculosis (TB) can present with complex kidney imaging findings. Early diagnosis of genitourinary TB is crucial, especially with the rare "mastic kidney" sign indicating extensive renal destruction.

Keywords:
extrapulmonary tuberculosisflashcardkidney imaging tuberculosismastic kidneymycobacterium tuberculosisrenal tuberculosistuberculosisurogenital tuberculosis

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Genitourinary tuberculosis (TB) is a significant global health concern.
  • Complex kidney imaging findings necessitate a broad differential diagnosis.
  • Extrapulmonary TB can manifest with diverse clinical presentations.

Observation:

  • A 43-year-old male presented with fever, vomiting, acute kidney injury, and anemia.
  • CT urogram revealed extensive left kidney destruction, ureteral pyelitis, and retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy.
  • Calcified lymph nodes were noted in the right kidney, suggestive of chronic inflammation.

Findings:

  • Diagnosis of genitourinary TB confirmed by positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis in bronchoalveolar lavage and urine.
  • Imaging findings consistent with "mastic kidney," a rare sign of advanced renal TB with parenchymal destruction.
  • Patient showed clinical improvement after initiating first-line antituberculous therapy.

Implications:

  • Highlights the importance of considering TB in the differential diagnosis of complex renal pathologies.
  • Emphasizes the diagnostic value of recognizing the "mastic kidney" radiological sign.
  • Underscores the need for heightened clinical awareness for extrapulmonary TB in endemic regions.