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Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
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Hypothalamic GHRH.

Carlos Dieguez1,2, Miguel López3,4, Felipe Casanueva4,5,6

  • 1Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782,, Spain. carlos.dieguez@usc.es.

Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders
|February 6, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) primarily regulates growth hormone (GH) secretion. Emerging evidence suggests GHRH also plays a role in sleep-wake cycles and energy balance, indicating broader physiological functions.

Keywords:
GhrelinGrowth hormoneGrowth hormone releasing hormoneLeptinNeuropeptide YOrexinSomatostatin

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) is a peptide hormone predominantly expressed in the hypothalamus.
  • GHRH acts via its receptor (GHRHR) in hypothalamic nuclei and pituitary somatotroph cells to regulate growth hormone (GH) secretion.
  • While GHRH is a key regulator of GH, its broader physiological roles are increasingly recognized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on GHRH expression and its canonical role in GH regulation.
  • To explore the intricate interactions of GHRH with other neuroendocrine factors like ghrelin, leptin, and orexins.
  • To discuss the potential pleiotropic effects of GHRH beyond somatotroph regulation, including its involvement in sleep and energy homeostasis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on GHRH.
  • Analysis of RNA sequencing data for GHRH expression patterns.
  • Synthesis of findings on GHRH interactions with other signaling pathways.

Main Results:

  • GHRH expression is primarily hypothalamic in humans, with varied distribution in other species' central nervous system (CNS).
  • GHRH is a critical regulator of pulsatile GH secretion, modulated by factors like somatostatin and ghrelin.
  • Interactions with ghrelin, leptin, and NPY highlight GHRH's involvement in complex physiological processes.

Conclusions:

  • GHRH's function extends beyond GH regulation, impacting sleep-wake cycles and energy homeostasis.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the pleiotropic effects of GHRH.
  • Understanding GHRH's multifaceted roles is crucial for comprehending neuroendocrine regulation.