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Updated: Jun 23, 2026
Multi-Scale Modification of Metallic Implants With Pore Gradients, Polyelectrolytes and Their Indirect Monitoring In vivo
Published on: July 1, 2013
Ion-releasing resin composites prevent demineralization around restorations in an in-vitro biofilm model
Andrei C Ionescu1, Fabiana Nicita2, Vanessa Zambelli3
1Oral Microbiology and Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Biomedical, Surgical, and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
Objective:
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of two ion-releasing, resin-based composites (RBCs), ACTIVA BioACTIVE-Restorative (BIO1) and ACTIVA Presto (BIO2), in preventing demineralization around restorations.
Methods:
Class I and II cavities were prepared on bovine (n = 4) and human teeth (n = 8) and restored with BIO1, BIO2, a conventional composite (RBC, Filtek Supreme XTE), and a resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC, Ionolux). Following restorations (class I, n= 16/material; class II, n= 8/material), the specimens were exposed to Streptococcus mutans biofilm in a continuous-flow bioreactor over two weeks. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) assessed demineralization depths at restoration margins, and supernatant pH changes were measured after a 24-h acidic challenge. Statistical analyses included one and two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05).
Results:
On enamel surfaces, RMGIC showed no demineralization, followed by BIO1 (≈50 μm), BIO2 (≈125 μm), and RBC (≈150 μm). No difference between human or bovine enamel was observed. In dentin, RMGIC showed the least demineralization (≈190 μm), followed by BIO1 (≈230 μm), BIO2 (≈280 μm), and RBC (≈400 μm). pH buffering was highest in RMGIC (+ 0.24 pH), while BIO1, BIO2, and RBC showed similar buffering capacities (∼ +0.1 pH). Gaps were found at several interfaces for BIO1 and RMGIC.
Conclusions:
Ion-releasing RBCs varied in effectiveness for reducing demineralization of surrounding tissues, with limited pH buffering capacity. RMGIC exhibited better performance. Gaps between cavity walls and BIO1/RMGIC raised concerns about long-term adhesion.
Clinical Significance:
ACTIVA BioACTIVE Restorative (BIO1) and ACTIVA Presto (BIO2) resin-based composites promoted slight inhibition of demineralization in an in-vitro biofilm model, suggesting that further modifications in their chemical composition are necessary.
