Vitamin D as an Adjuvant Immune Enhancer to SARS-Cov-2 Vaccine

The SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is an important keystone in fighting against the virus. The vaccination alone could not prevent all SARS-CoV-2 viral infections or even its spread, especially after the emergence of newly mutant strains. The immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines varies greatly from one person to another. Age, along with adequate micronutrients, especially vitamin D, are major factors influencing immunity. We aimed to analyze SARS-CoV-2 vaccine neutralization potency and the total IgG antibodies along with 25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol concentrations in a cohort of healthy Egyptian vaccinated adults. 196 individuals were included; 145 females and 51 males, with an age range between 22 and 59 years old, from the first time of vaccination and over 16 weeks long. Three blood samples were taken from each individual at three time points; before the 1st dose of vaccination, before the 2nd dose of vaccination, and after 8 weeks of complete vaccination. The samples were analyzed using a chemiluminescent immunoassay to measure vitamin D level and titer of neutralizing and IgG antibodies. A lower level of neutralizing antibodies was detected in deficient and insufficient vitamin D-vaccinated individuals. However, a sufficient titer was detected in individuals with normal vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with a suppressed immune response against SARS-CoV-2 despite vaccination. Thus, we made inquiries about using vitamin D as an adjuvant to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, and its relation with the production of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.