EMS Clinician Perceptions on Prehospital Buprenorphine Administration Programs

Personal attitudes amongst emergency medical services (EMS) clinicians could influence successful implementation of prehospital buprenorphine administration programs (PBAPs), yet few studies have investigated EMS clinician perceptions concerning these innovative programs. This mixed-methods study assessed EMS clinician perceptions and concerns about PBAPs.

Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs), advanced EMTs and paramedics were recruited for focus groups from Upstate South Carolina. Researchers moderated groups of 12 or fewer and field personnel were interviewed separately from EMS training officers and leadership. Participants took a survey assessing demographic, employment, and contextual information on EMS-led interventions addressing the opioid epidemic. Moderators asked participants to provide confidential responses to four open-ended questions. Thematic analysis was applied to all responses using the framework method. A codebook was modeled using deductive themes from previous literature, while inductive themes and subthemes were added through researcher consensus. Final coding of themes and subthemes was constructed independently by two researchers with disagreements resolved by a third. Descriptive statistics summarized demographic, employment, and contextual information collected from the survey.

The 107 participants were predominantly male (69.2%) and White (96.3%) with an average age of 38.4 years (SD = 11.4). Half were paramedics and 35.5% were EMTs with EMS experience ranging from 3 months to 39 years, median of 10 years. Most (70.2%) heard of buprenorphine and 28.9% received education on medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD). Describing initial reactions to an overdose, themes included overdoses as a routine part of EMS and naloxone distribution changing overdose dynamics. Themes included opioid withdrawal is not a medical emergency, buprenorphine negatively affecting EMS operations, and PBAPs requiring culture shift. Themes surrounding concerns included EMS clinician perceptions of individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD), PBAPs increasing substance misuse, and buprenorphine increasing EMS clinician liability. At the end of the session 45.8% stated they would want their EMS agency to participate in a PBAP, 44.9% would not want their agency to participate, and 8 (7.5%) did not answer.

Emergency medical services clinicians' perceptions toward prehospital buprenorphine administration could influence adoption of PBAP protocols. Findings may inform PBAP educational initiatives which mitigate these concerns and knowledge gaps.