Metabolic Messengers: small extracellular vesicles

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are signalling molecules and biomarkers of cell status that govern a complex intraorgan and interorgan communication system through their cargo. Initially recognized as a waste disposal mechanism, they have emerged as important metabolic regulators. They transfer biological signals to recipient cells through their cargo content, and microRNAs (miRNAs) often mediate their metabolic effects. This review provides a concise overview of sEVs, specifically in the context of obesity-associated chronic inflammation and related metabolic disorders, describing their role as metabolic messengers, identifying their key sites of action and elucidating their mechanisms. We highlight studies that have shaped our understanding of sEV metabolism, address critical questions for future exploration, discuss the use of miRNAs as disease biomarkers and provide insights into the therapeutic potential of sEVs or specific miRNAs for treating metabolic diseases and related disorders in the future.