Review of Modern Spectrometric Techniques for Monitoring Cadmium in Water and Enhancing Public Health

Cadmium (Cd) contamination in aquatic ecosystems poses significant threats to environmental and public health due to its high toxicity and persistence. Even at trace levels, Cd can cause severe health issues, including kidney damage, bone disorders, and an increased risk of cancer, making its detection and monitoring critical. This review focuses on spectrometry techniques for detecting and quantifying Cd in water, evaluating its sensitivity, specificity, and adaptability to diverse environmental conditions. It highlights advancements in modern technologies that enhance the precision, speed, and reliability of these methods while addressing limitations such as high costs and operational complexity. The review also emphasizes the importance of integrating innovative approaches to improve portability and accessibility for real-time monitoring in resource-limited settings. By providing insights into current challenges and potential solutions, this study aims to guide the development of more efficient detection systems that support effective environmental management and safeguard public health from the harmful effects of cadmium contamination.